Autarchism means literally "self rule". Similar to anarchism, it means that each person rules themselves, and should not accept rule by others. In today's vernacular, it is quite similar to libertarianism.

See Wikipedia's definition here

Some famous autarchists: Lysander Spooner, Robert LeFevre, H.L. Mencken, Mark Twain

I would classify any individual that tried to free themselves and others as autarchists as well, so would include famous Americans like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as well.